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What Causes Adhd And How That Might Be Compatible With A...

MIDTERM TAKE-HOME EXAMINATION (11/01/2014) Dr. Bill Rae-Child Psychopathology 1. A. Please describe the cause of ADHD and how that might be compatible with a medication intervention? Among the many theoretical frameworks proposed to explain ADHD symptoms and causes, psychological and neurobiological perspectives are the most commonly evoked to conceptualize the disorder. Proponents of the psychological perspective are divided into two major groups of theories: top-down theories and bottom-up theories. Top down process emphasize some form of cognitive control, while bottom-up process emphasize motivational or energetic factors. For the present discussion, I will focus on top-down theory of ADHD, given that Barkley’s executive functioning†¦show more content†¦Barkley proposes that ADHD is not a problem with the skills necessary to regulate behavior, and plan ahead, rather, it is a performance problem- children with ADHD have difficulties when performing activities that depend on working memory, and have difficulties with tasks that require attention because they can’t inhibit dominant responses to environment stimuli. There is substantial evidence showing possible neurotransmitter dysfunctions or imbalances in children with ADHD, especially in dopamine pathways, which play a major role in reward-motivated behavior and are involved in motor control behaviors (Volkow et al., 2011). Children diagnosed with ADHD have demonstrated lower levels of dopamine in the brain in comparison to typical children, a difference that could explain their lack of impulse control. For that reason, psychotropic medication such as Ritalin have become the treatment of choice of many doctors and parents alike in order to regulate the dopamine levels in the neurocognitive system of ADHD children. These children tend to respond well to stimulants because they act by changing the availability of dopamine in the brain during synapse, that is, it block the reuptake of dopamine by the neuron from which it was released, and increase the amount of dopamine circulation in the brain. These effects of dopamine may

Retain Tenure

Question: Discuss both the attractions and disadvantages of BP as a possible take-over target, and identify the most probable bidders for BP.Give some examples of the problems that face these potential bidders in terms of political issues and managerial styles. Answer: Introduction: The report deals with the British retain tenure of its previous imposing oil business. In BP was an associate of the seven sister's group of worldwide oil companies in the year of 1970s, resistance accepts with Exxon and Shell Company (ZareNezhad and Hosseinpour, 2009). Because then, it has come across a numerous difficulty, not slightest of which was its attachment with the excuse city plant fire the Deepwater Horizon adversity in the Gulf of Mexico in the years of 2010 (Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko, 2014). The report deals with the advantage and disadvantage of BP and what are their possible takeover target. The report also deals with the example of the problem that face theses potential bidder in terms of political issues and managerial styles (Bandinelli and Gamberi, 2011). The attractions of BP which takeover target are: 1. BP ended strategies base on an oil cost of $100 a container (Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko, 2014). When it proclaim its newest $1 billion reformation graph in December, it attempts to assure shareholder that its venture plans unspecified an oil cost of $80, but with a withdraw stage of $60. The cost was $65 after that (ZareNezhad and Hosseinpour, 2009). Nowadays it is beneath $50. As they went to push on January 15th, BP was proclaimed additional work slice (Bhattacharyya, 2009). 2. An additional attraction is BP's almost 20% chance in Rosneft, Russia's major and best oil business. Rosneft is in difficulty: a lot grateful, discontinue from the Western capital marketplace by authorizing, and bailed out by the Russian situation in December (Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko, 2014). But for an intuitive stranger, Russia's oil and gas assets are stiff to disregard (ZareNezhad and Hosseinpour, 2009). BP has completed numerous wealth nearby so far. Authorize pay attention to Exxon, which has profound attach with Russia, to revoke its Freezing Drill scheme with Rosneft. Import BP might recommend a technique back in. It would take a valiant superior to do this, but Exxon's Rex Tillerson is complete of severe material. 3. BP needs to continue autonomous (Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko, 2014). Its boss considers they have completed well seeing as 2010, finale a period of distending, extreme objective and corner-cutting on security. Several consumers would have to overcome some big obstructions. Britain's previous royalty oil company has secure attach to the organization. A transaction to an American purchaser would denote a supporting chain in a vote year (Bhattacharyya, 2009). Disadvantage of BP which takeover target are: 1. The hazard and expenses of annoying to purchase BP, and then riveting it, might be sufficient to make probable predators suppose two times about have a go right nowadays (ZareNezhad and Hosseinpour, 2009). And there are an abundance of added oil company they might purchase, that could not approach with BP's cases. But if the oil cost continues low down, or if BP's circumstance degenerate for other cause, all wage are sour the organization has distorted many in the earlier period (ZareNezhad and Hosseinpour, 2009). To assurance its self-government it resolves and has to do yet more nowadays (Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko, 2014). 2. BP has not at all moderately discarded its imposing customs, as well as a temperature in which workers feel worried about conveying the bad news that they had to tell their boss (Bhattacharyya, 2009). Most Probable Bidders for BP: Bidders that create the chance to build and maintain the predictable 3.8billion container of oil preserve, however 14.6 billion containers of potential treasury at a predictable annual venture of $ 8.5 billion in excess of 4 years (ZareNezhad and Hosseinpour, 2009). In this, every of this district symbolizes important and the dissimilar investment chance that comprise manufacture region, the new and mainly uncharted district in both superficial and deepwater region. Therefore, it covers equally conservative income and unusual pasture with high potential prospective (Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko, 2014). The primary 14 trivial water wedge stays behind on agenda because they have the lowly predictable expansion outlay. And approximately $20 a container and are, consequently, money-making even at present oil cost (Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko, 2014). In mid-January, it was detailed that the force department, in rejoinder to slow down oil cost. Therefore a decrease in examination financial plan, might edge the shale oil gas and stretched oil present to merely the best-looking alternative income because removal is exclusive (Bilstad, Jensen and Toft, 2014). A choice on what region to present and the ultimate schedule is predictable in March or April (ZareNezhad and Hosseinpour, 2009). In dissimilarity, the deepwater wedge has together enormous possible and high venture outlay, if the knowledge of its surface of Gulf waters is any direct. On the other hand, because it will obtain a minimum eight years to build up a field from scrap and oil majors have extended time. It is expected that proposal will be encouraged as designed at end year (Chanysheva and Biryukova, 2015). Equally the administration and the bidders are working in completely blindfolded in a hard situation. Full of indecisionconcerning the deepness to which the oil cost will descend, how long it will continue at the underneath and to what stage it will recuperate (Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko, 2014). BP function added 40 offshore oil and gas ground, four grounds incurable. The channel system that conveys approximately 50% of the oil and gas twisted in the UK, as per the company point of view (Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko, 2014). The bottom procession is that both the management and the oil company desire the oil to be removing and sell on planet marketplace (ZareNezhad and Hosseinpour, 2009). Moreover, while beginning command policy have been proclaimed in expectancy of criticism from possible bidders. The genuine conditions and circumstances of the certificate have not been unconfined Moreover, addition to the bidding sightlessness (Grunskoy and Perkhutkin, 2014). A "restricted contented condi tion" fixing the stipulation of products, facilities and employment at an original 25%, while growing to 35% in afterward years will almost certainly be uphold (ZareNezhad and Hosseinpour, 2009). On the other hand, the condition that bidders must have the smallest amount of $1 billion in the property which may be focused on the review depending leading the amount of attention from bidders and prospect of the oil cost (Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko, 2014). The management takes' in conditions of royals and duty is to be proclaiming earlier to the bidding surrounding as per the Minister of Finance (ZareNezhad and Hosseinpour, 2009). Additional, the agreement conditions for grown-up ground, wherever oil has been exposed, but the manufacturer has the decrease. For that reason alternative oil and gas and the deepwater chunk of the Gulf are guaranteed almost immediately (ZareNezhad and Hosseinpour, 2009). The complete oil business itself is knowledge the presently low oil cost foremost to decre ase in examination financial plan by the numerous company, particularly in the unimportant plan (Guidotti, 2009). Problems that faces the potential bidders in term of political issues and managerial styles: The company was not sufficiently equipped to struggle the deepwater prospect oil escape, as force mount on the business not to disburse its yearly payment to shareholders (ZareNezhad and Hosseinpour, 2009). For example, Hayward tells individuals monetary period, BP for not being enhanced prepared to struggle an escape 5,000 feet beneath the plane (Li et al., 2006). He believed the oil massive desirable to expand new practice for this kind of problem, somewhat than use decades-old technique (Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko, 2014). The letter was printed hours following it appears that Hayward was forceful wereas BP's main investor that it intended to uphold extra expenditure although the continuing environmental calamity off the coastline of Louisiana (Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko, 2014). BP is division technique during its newest effort to score the quantity of oil talkative addicted to the Gulf of Mexico. By this unkind the channel that increase from the sea couch and introduction a limit on t op (ZareNezhad and Hosseinpour, 2009). This process hit tribulations former times when robot control is saying provisionally wedged, and still if it does well, it will not imprison all the oil. The business tell the supply market this dawn that it a force to disburse the $360m price of structure six sand obstruction to defend Louisiana's weak marsh (Rodriguez and Soeder, 2015). This force drives BP's whole bill today to about $1.4bn, as well as the price of annoying to end the escape. While mops up oil that arrives at the seashore and recompense those precious by the adversity (Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko, 2014). In mid-January, it was detailed that the force department, in rejoinder to slow down oil cost and decrease in examination financial plan. The shale oil gas and stretched oil present to merely the best-looking alternative income because removal is exclusive (Rodriguez and Soeder, 2015). The concluding price is uncertain, although, with leader maintain the business was accounta ble for the Deepwater possibility disclose and will be completed to reimburse for it (Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko, 2014). Even though forecaster considers BP can wrap these expenses, others work out that the business might be enforced to advertise some property particularly if the it strategy to uphold its payment. BP has established thousands of propositions on how it might struggle the escape, from manufacturing authority and anxious associate of the community (Rodriguez and Soeder, 2015). Low oil prices, as seen in the first quarter of 2015, will accelerate any take-over bid, or would low prices be another barrier. Yes, Low oil prices will be the barrier for BP Oil Company because an investor has become worried. Since the payment income is somewhat unconstructive, still if the acquiesce remainder good quality and good-looking, but that BP is quickly attractive a possible conquest objective (ZareNezhad and Hosseinpour, 2009). Cheaper oil must collision expenses on manufacture and restrictions the expansion in contributing. Cheaper oil as well increases financial system, so require might recover (ZareNezhad and Hosseinpour, 2009). There will be an enormous fall in pay for all the huge incorporated oil company but particularly BP. In the year of 2009 it could be the most terrible set of consequences for everybody (Rodriguez and Soeder, 2015). The advice to any possible bidder for BP might not be the primary of its variety. In previous five years ago when BP's supply plunge since of an oil spill out in the U.S. Gulf and the UK management also examines the probability of a possible intimidating bid for BP and conduct to react to it (Rodriguez and Soeder, 2015). BP has sold $50 billion value of possessions to reimburse the compensation grounds by the drop and might unmoving features billions in extra maintain (ZareNezhad and Hosseinpour, 2009). The apparent limitation has sparked assumption that a cash-rich business like ExxonMobil might challenge to obtain BP (Sharaev and Pavlyuchenko, 2014). Conclusion: While concluding it this report deals with the Former Imperial oil company i.e. BP. In this report, the researcher describes the disadvantages and attractiveness I BP Oil Company and also describes the potential problem that is faced by the bidders. BP unmoving has several powers its proficiency in deep-water drill and a 20% chance in Rosneft, Russia's major oil business. In this report Bidders that create the chance to build and maintain to a predictable 3.8billion container of oil preserve. Whereas 14.6 billion containers of potential treasury at a predictable annual venture of $ 8.5 billion in excess of 4 years. Further currently response by BP elder organization to declining oil cost and the continuing USA proceedings have seen a 15% decrease in capital expenses this day, and the declaration of a $1 billion reformation program. In the years 2010, BP main unintended release of oil interested in nautical waters in the past resulted in rigorous ecological, wellbeing and financial pe nalty. BP function added 40 offshore oil and gas ground, four ground incurable and a channel system that convey approximately 50% of the oil and gas twisted in the UK, as per the company point of view. BP is the succeeding major manufacturer of oil and gas and the major resident in the deepwater following Gulf of Mexico. References Bandinelli, R. and Gamberi, V. (2011). Servitization in oil and gas sector: outcomes of a case study research. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 23(1), pp.87-102. Bhattacharyya, S. (2009). Oil and Gas Production Contracts, 1st ed.20093Edited by Anthony Jennings. Oil and Gas Production Contracts, 1st ed. . London: Sweet and Maxwell, Thomson Reuters (Legal) Limited 2008. , ISBN: 978à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 84703à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 751à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 0 viii +294 pp. Int J of Energy Sector Man, 3(4), pp.428-430. Bhattacharyya, S. (2009). Oil and Gas Production Contracts, 1st ed.20093Edited by Anthony Jennings. Oil and Gas Production Contracts, 1st ed. . London: Sweet and Maxwell, Thomson Reuters (Legal) Limited 2008. , ISBN: 978à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 84703à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 751à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 0 viii +294 pp. Int J of Energy Sector Man, 3(4), pp.428-430. Bhattacharyya, S. (2009). Oil and Gas Production Contracts, Volume 1. 1st ed.20094Edited by Anthony Jennings. Oil and Gas Production Contracts, Volume 1. 1st ed. . London: Sweet and Maxwell, Thomson Reuters (Legal) Limited 2008. , ISBN: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 978à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 84703à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 750à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 3 ix +398 pp. Int J of Energy Sector Man, 3(4), pp.428-430. Bilstad, T., Jensen, B. and Toft, M. (2014). Ervironmental friendly drilling fluid management offshore Norway. AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas, 31(2), p.191. Chanysheva, I. and Biryukova, V. (2015). THE MECHANISM OF MANAGEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTERPRISES OIL COMPLEX. OGBUS, (3), pp.576-589. Grunskoy, T. and Perkhutkin, V. (2014). Improve information support safety management system of tunnel works in oil mines Yaregskoye field. OGBUS, (2), pp.392-406. Guidotti, T. (2009). Air quality and health research in a province producing oil and gas. IJRAM, 11(3/4), p.253. Li, Z., Dong, M., Li, S. and Huang, S. (2006). CO2 sequestration in depleted oil and gas reservoirscaprock characterization and storage capacity. Energy Conversion and Management, 47(11-12), pp.1372-1382. Rodriguez, R. and Soeder, D. (2015). Evolving water management practices in shale oil gas development. Journal of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources, 10, pp.18-24. Rodriguez, R. and Soeder, D. (2015). Evolving water management practices in shale oil gas development. Journal of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources, 10, pp.18-24. Rodriguez, R. and Soeder, D. (2015). Evolving water management practices in shale oil gas development. Journal of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources, 10, pp.18-24. Rodriguez, R. and Soeder, D. (2015). Evolving water management practices in shale oil gas development. Journal of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources, 10, pp.18-24. Rodriguez, R. and Soeder, D. (2015). Evolving water management practices in shale oil gas development. Journal of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources, 10, pp.18-24. Sharaev, N. and Pavlyuchenko, V. (2014). IMPROVEMENT OF THE PUMP EQUIPMENT WHEN CARRYING OUT TECHNOLOGICAL OPERATIONS ON THE ARLANSKY FIELD IN OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION MANAGEMENT ARLANNEFT. OGBUS, (6), pp.424-434. ZareNezhad, B. and Hosseinpour, N. (2009). An extractive distillation technique for producing CO2 enriched injection gas in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) fields. Energy Conversion and Management, 50(6), pp.1491-1496.

System Feedback Loops for Nutrisystem

Balancing and reinforcing feedback loops in Nutrisystem Nutrisystem is a leading developer and retailer of weight loss products; moreover, this company provides programs and counseling to those people, who suffer from extra weight (Nutrisystem, 2011, unpaged).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on System Feedback Loops for Nutrisystem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Overall, this organization offers more than one hundred meal items to its customers, both male and female. This paper is aimed at apply such concept as feedback loop to this company. Marketing strategies and customer relations When speaking about marketing strategies of Nutrisystem and its relations with the customers, one can use reinforcing feedback loop. This tool is supposed to describe those activities which promote or amplify one another (Bellinger, 2004, unpaged). Reinforcing feedback loops results either in exponential growth or decline of two variables (Larsen et al, 1996, unpaged). In the case of Nutrisystem, we need to discuss the interactions between such variables as customer satisfaction and marketing of the product, namely sales. Their interactions can be depicted with the help of this reinforcing feedback loop. On the whole, it is possible to argue that customer satisfaction lies at the core of this feedback loop. It prompts clients to recommend the products of Nutrisystem to other people, who are concerned about their extra weight. One should note that word of mouth recommendations are by far the most powerful form of advertising since a client is more likely to believe a person whom he/she knows because this individual is not paid to promote the product.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One can say that Nutrisystem pays much attention to word-of-mouth advertising; the website of this organization c ontains such section as â€Å"Success Stories† where people can read the customer’s reviews and their assessment of Nutrisystem’s products. However, this reinforcing feedback loop is possible under several indispensible conditions, namely excellent pre and post-sale services. In contrast, if they are not present, this reinforcing loop can be reversed, which means that dissatisfied customers will tell others that the products of Nutriystem are not worth buying and that they should consider different companies. In the long term, such behavior can lead to dramatic decline in the revenues and inability to compete with other firms. Therefore, positive reinforcement should not be regarded as some permanent phenomenon that will exist irrespective of the company’s policies. Such a perception is entirely flawed and, mostly likely, dangerous because it can lead to a false sense of security. Competition In turn, balancing feedback loop depicts those variables which have to be brought into agreement or reconciled. In this case, the change in one variable is supposed to counteract or oppose the change in another variable (Larsen et al, 1996, unpaged). The balancing feedback loop can be applied to the company’s attempts to gain competitive advantage over others or to strengthen its positions in the market. In this case, the major variables will be the intensity of competition and the financial performance of Nutrisystem. They can be depicted by means of this diagram. Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on System Feedback Loops for Nutrisystem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This diagram shows how the company counterbalances the competition put up by the competitors. The red arrows indicate the corrective measures or actions which are aimed at gaining a larger market share and increasing sales. It should be noted that this organizations operates in a very saturated mark et and there are many organization that offer similar products and services to the clients. Therefore, Nutrisystem has to use different methods to attract the clients. For instance, this organization pursues a cost leadership strategy and lowers down the prices for its products. In fact, the weight control program offered Nutrisystem is believed to be the least expensive (Forbes, 2008, unpaged). Apart from that, this organization always expands the variety of meal items they offer to the clients. Thus, one can say that the competition in the market can be represented as balancing feedback loop. Yet, this representation is valid only if the company possesses reliable and up-to-date information about the market, customers, and their competitors. Theory of organizational learning The theory of organizational learning is based on the premise that a company behaves not only a set of separate individuals or departments but as a system in which every component serves to achieve the common goal. Such an organization is also able to detect the opportunities or threats in internal and external environment and adjust to them. Such adaptation is possible only if there are no barriers which impede the flow of information from business unit to another (Easterby-Smith Lyles, 2005, p 21). A learning organization usually has such attributes as shared vision, systemic thinking, quick dissemination of knowledge, and team learning. From behaviorist point of view, organizational learning can regarded as a reaction to a stimulus (external or internal factor), analysis of the information, dissemination of knowledge, and adaptation (Easterby-Smith Lyles, 2005, p 219).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This adaptation is crucial for the successful performance of a company, its competitive strength, and its relations with the customer. Yet, one should bear in mind that organizational learning is possible only if it has tools for the analysis of information; without them the decision-making can hardly be effective. In the previous section, some of these tools like feedback loops have been described. Additionally, it should be taken into consideration that the organization’s ability depends on several internal factors such as its culture and especially power distance between the employees. For example, if the company has a complicated workplace hierarchy and bureaucratic structure, it might be less able to learn, since the flow of information in such a company is very slow. These are the major elements of organizational learning theory, and it can be quite applicable to Nutrisystem. Opportunities for organizational learning Overall, feedback loops can create excellent opportun ities for organizational learning since they show the relations between different internal and external business processes. For instance, the reinforcing feedback loop depicts the relations between sales and customer satisfaction. By using this tool, the management of Nutrisystem can understand what kind of actions must be taken to enhance customer loyalty. In this case, one can speak about the improvement of pre-sales and after-sales services. Reinforcing loops indicate at those factors which affect the organization, such as customer satisfaction or word-of-mouth advertising. On their basis, the management can work out marketing policies, develop training programs for the personnel, or even change the product line. The most important thing is to understand how the circle of reinforcement is created and what processes are involved in it. Additionally, by using these loops the management can understand how the circle of reinforcement can be broken or reversed. Balancing feedback loop s can be equally important for organizational learning. By applying these analytical tools, Nutrisystem can identify those forces which have an adverse effect on their performance, in particular, the intensity of competition in the market. More importantly, balancing feedback loops help the management to mitigate the effects of these forces. The main strategies that we have identified are product development, improvement in services, and cost-leadership. Balancing feedback loops can be helpful only in those cases, when the company can clearly identify the factors which shape the behavior of customers and understand the reasons why they can be choosing the products of different companies; otherwise the corrective measures will not be of any use. The feedback processes shows where the company does well and which areas require improvement. It helps the management understand why a certain situation emerged and how it should be addressed if necessary. Only in this case, feedback loops ca n create valuable opportunities for organizational learning. If the management wants to use feedback loops properly, they need to see the company as a system which has its boundary, structure, and components. Furthermore, they need to remember that to a certain extent every system is related to one another; the same thing can be said about sub-system of components. Their task is to pinpoint the connections between these components. Another issue is that they need to view organizational learning as a continuous activity which cannot be limited only to a certain period of time. Reference List Bellinger, G. (2004) Introduction to systems thinking. Retrieved from http://www.systems-thinking.org/intst/int.htm Easterby-Smith. M Lyles M. (2005). The Blackwell handbook of organizational  learning and knowledge management. NY: Wiley-Blackwell. Forbes.com. (2008). â€Å"How Expensive Is Your Diet?† Accessed from https://www.forbes.com/2008/12/23/diets-popular-cost-forbeslife-cx_lm_1 223health.html Larsen, K., McInerney, C., Nyquist, C., Santos, A., Silsbee, D. (1996) Learning Organizations (Part VI: Systems Thinking) Retrieved from http://leeds-faculty.colorado.edu/larsenk/learnorg/index.html Nutrisystem. (2011). The official website. Web. This term paper on System Feedback Loops for Nutrisystem was written and submitted by user Bailee L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.